Analysis of the Time-Dependent Chemical Evolution of Titan Haze Tholin     

Bishun N. KhareE.L.O. Bakes  Hiroshi ImanakaChristopher P. McKay  Dale P. CruikshankEdward T. Arakawa 《Icarus》2002,160(1):172-182

Haze particles exert a significant influence over the thermodynamics and radiation absorption properties of the Titan haze, as well as its complex organic chemistry. Characterization of both the molecular and the submicrometer components of the haze is therefore vital for understanding the global properties of Titan. We have carried out a Titan tholin synthesis experiment and measured the time variation of the infrared spectrum of the product as a thin film developed. Also, to examine the possibility of oxygen contamination, we compared the infrared spectrum of the tholin film with that of a tholin film exposed to dry air and laboratory air. The objective of this study is to understand the chemical processes related to how simple organic molecules are processed into more complex haze particles. The progressive development of features characteristic of amines, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, and nitriles in the experimental mixture is clear. Of particular interest is the formation of aromatic rings after only a few seconds of glow discharge, indicating that these compounds appear to be intermediates between simple haze molecules and microphysical aerosols. The early dominance of aromatic ring structures is accompanied during the later stages of the experiment by the appearance of nitrile and amine compounds. This time-dependent succession of chemical structures provides vital clues to the possible chemical formation pathways of Titan haze aerosols.  相似文献   

Geochemistry and tectonic implications of Proterozoic amphibolites in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam massif, South Korea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yoji Arakawa  Kye-Hun Park  Nam-Hoon Kim  Yong-Sun Song  Hiroshi Amakawa 《Island Arc》2003,12(2):180-189

Abstract   Amphibolites in the Haenggongni area (Haenggongni amphibolite) and the Okbang area (Okbang amphibolite) in northeastern Yeongnam massif, South Korea occur as a sill-like body or inclusions within the metasedimentary sequences of the Proterozoic Wonnam Group. Major and trace element characteristics demonstrate that both amphibolites have tholeiitic chemical affinity. They are characterized by nearly flat rare earth element (REE) patterns, and low contents of immobile incompatible elements and have low values of Zr/Y, Ti/Y, La/Nb and Ta/Yb ratios, indicating enriched (E)-type mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) affinities for their protoliths. This suggests that amphibolite protoliths formed in an extensional rift setting leading up to ocean opening. In combination with the previous studies in Yeongnam massif, three protolith types of amphibolites are assumed (E-type MORB, within-plate basalt and volcanic arc basalt). They could have been originated in different tectonic settings and/or different episodes. These characteristics are clearly different from the amphibolites in the Gyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt, in which most of the amphibolites show a within-plate basalt affinity that developed in continental rift zone.  相似文献   

Elemental and Nd-Sr isotopic geochemistry of granitoids from the West Junggar foldbelt (NW China), with implications for Phanerozoic continental growth   总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26  

B. Chen  Y. Arakawa 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(5):1307-1320

We report elemental and Nd-Sr isotopic data for two coeval postcollisional magmatic suites (∼300 Ma), the Miaogou and Karamay suites, from West Junggar foldbelt (NW China), aiming to determine their source regions and implications for continental growth. The Miaogou rocks, monzonitic to granitic in composition, show low Mg# (<0.30) and depletion of HFSE, and are highly depleted in isotopic compositions, with I_Sr ranging from 0.7035 to 0.7045, ε_Nd(300 Ma) from + 8.4 to + 6.6 and young Nd model ages (0.37-0.70 Ga) that coincide with the ages of the ophiolites in the area. These features suggest that the Miaogou rocks were derived essentially by partial melting of a juvenile basaltic lower crust formed in the early to middle Palaeozoic. The Karamay suite contains a variety of rock types from gabbroic diorite to granite. These rocks show enrichment of LREE and LILE and depletion of HFSE, and have chemical composition (e.g., Mg# = 0.63-0.41) rather different from the Miaogou suite, though isotopically they are indistinguishable. This suggests that the parental magma of the Karamay suite originated from melting of a young lithospheric mantle that had previously been metasomatized during the Palaeozoic subduction. The West Junggar magmatic rocks represent production of juvenile continental crust in the Phanerozoic, triggered by upwelling of asthenophere in an extensional regime. The basement beneath the area is dominated by “trapped” Palaeozoic arc series and oceanic crust.  相似文献   

Determination des Terres Rares dans Certaines Roches Basiques et Ultrabasiques     

L. SAVOYANT  F. PERSIN  ET C. DUPUY 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1984,8(2):159-161

Une méthode radiochimique est utilisée pour le dosage de huit éléments de terres rares, après préconcentration à l'aide de résines d'échange des ions cationiques. La reproductibilité et la justesse des résultats sont vèrifiès par l'analyse de deux èchantillons géochimiques de référence.  相似文献   

Palaeoproterozoic U–Pb SHRIMP zircon age from basement rocks in Bangladesh: A possible remnant of the Columbia supercontinent     

Ismail Hossain  Toshiaki Tsunogae  Hariharan M. Rajesh  Bin Chen  Yoji Arakawa 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2007,339(16):979-986

We present new U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronological data for basement rocks in Bangladesh, and discuss the relationship with the formation of the Columbia supercontinent. Euhedral zircons from a diorite sample yield a concordia age of 1730 ± 11 Ma, which is interpreted as the crystallization age. The Palaeoproterozoic age of the examined basement rock and the common occurrences of similar 1.7-Ga geologic units in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone and Meghalaya-Shillong Plateau in Indian Shield suggest their apparent continuation. This, together with the occurrence of similar 1.7-Ga geologic units in the Albany-Fraser belt in Australia and East Antarctica, are used to suggest that the basement rocks in Bangladesh formed towards the final stages of the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent.  相似文献   

山西河南间第三纪末及第四纪地层研究     

桑志华  德日进仝  翁文灏 《地质学报》1927,6(2):133-153

从汾河谷中观察与从潼关以下黄河谷中所见者相符即此二谷中第四纪地层显然分为二段在下者为三门系其时代为上新统之上部或更新统即洪积统之下部在上者为主要黄土(以後续成者不计)其时代属更新统之中部或上部在汾河谷之中心山门系砂砾较多每呈洪水冲积之状但在岸旁斜坡则成黄土例如插图3A 所示者其黄土之下部似实与三门系相当盖此带红色之黄土中曾得含有?齿类骨之结核此物昔曾见于甘肃陕西黄土之底部而呈曾经搬移之状可见含此之层当在真正黄土之前动物骨中又有一种与泥河湾所见同凡此皆证明其非真正黄士也因此可知三门系同一时代能呈不同之状态在三门者为河成在泥河湾者为湖成而在汾河谷中则又见其有洪水冲积及黄土状之二态为三门系之下为蓬蒂层)Pontien)亦能呈诸状态成土状时则为含三趾马之红土成洪水冲积老汾河峡谷及河南新安陕西榆林曾见之潼关含Melania 之层为其湖成态茲将蓬蒂期三门期及黄土期三期之各种变态列表如下蓬蒂期之蜗牛往往较大壳呈被溶状中有方解石结晶壳色深褐若黄土中之蜗牛则常极洁白热河以北达贲诺尔在三趾马红土以上复有白色土层亦含三趾马此系局部特别现象蓬蒂三门黄土三期为同一地质现象之错见或复见即北方各大流域之?成及充积是也三期间之分隔则似前二期间视後二期间为较显  相似文献   

II-4 Fundamental studies on oscillating water column wave power generator with wells turbine     

Masami Suzuki  Chuichi Arakawa  Tetsuo Tagori 《Ocean Engineering》1985,12(6):565

  相似文献   

Tributyltin in blood of marine fish collected from a coastal area of northern Kyushu, Japan     

Miki S  Ikeda K  Oba Y  Satone H  Honda M  Shimasaki Y  Onikura N  Arakawa O  Oshima Y 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(11):2533-2536

We investigated levels of the pollutant tributyltin (TBT) in blood of pufferfishes (six species), Japanese sea perch, red sea bream, Japanese common goby, Japanese flounder, rockfish, conger eel, and sea mullet collected off the coast of northern Kyushu, Japan. We found considerable levels of TBT (1.4-190 ng/mL) accumulated in the blood of these fish. Blood TBT concentrations were 1.3-22.5 times liver concentrations and 4.9-78 times muscle concentrations, except in conger eel and mullet. We detected TBT (16-111 ng/mL-blood) in the plasma of the fine-patterned puffer (Takifugupoecilonotus) year-round, without any apparent seasonal trend. These results suggest that fish inhabiting coastal areas of Kyushu, Japan, continue to be contaminated with TBT.  相似文献   

Impact crater formed on sintered snow surface simulating porous icy bodies     

Masahiko Arakawa  Minami Yasui 《Icarus》2011,216(1):1-9

To improve the scaling parameter controlling the impact crater formation in the strength regime, we conducted impact experiments on sintered snow targets with the dynamic strength continuously changed from 20 to 200 kPa, and the largest crater size formed on small icy satellites was considered by using the revised scaling parameter. Ice and snow projectiles were impacted on a snow surface with 36% porosity at an impact velocity from 31 m s⁻¹ to 150 m s⁻¹. The snow target was sintered at the temperature from −5 °C to −18 °C, and the snow dynamic strength was changed with the sintering duration at each temperature. We found that the mass ejected from the crater normalized by the projectile mass, π_V, was related to the ratio of the dynamic strength to the impact pressure, , as follows: , where the impact pressure was indicated by P = ρ_tC_0tv_i/2 with the target density of ρ_t, when the impact velocity, v_i, was much smaller than the bulk sound velocity C_0t (typically 1.8 km s⁻¹ in our targets). The ratio of the largest crater diameter to the diameter of the target body, d_max/D, was estimated by calculating the crater diameter at the impact condition for catastrophic disruption and then compared to the observed d_max/D of jovian and saturnian small satellites, in order to discuss the formation condition of these large d_max/D in the strength regime.  相似文献   

Impact experiments of porous gypsum-glass bead mixtures simulating parent bodies of ordinary chondrites: Implications for re-accumulation processes related to rubble-pile formation     

Minami Yasui  Masahiko Arakawa 《Icarus》2011,214(2):754-765

Laboratory impact experiments were conducted for gypsum-glass bead targets simulating the parent bodies of ordinary chondrites. The effects of the chondrules included in the parent bodies on impact disruption were experimentally investigated in order to determine the impact conditions for the formation of rubble-pile bodies after catastrophic disruption. The targets included glass beads with a diameter ranging from 100 μm to 3 mm and the volume fraction was 0.6, similar to that of ordinary chondrites, which is about 0.65-0.75. Nylon projectiles with diameters of 10 mm and 2 mm were impacted at 60-180 m s⁻¹ by a single-stage gas gun and at 4 km s⁻¹ by a two-stage light gas gun, respectively. The impact strength of the gypsum-glass bead target was found to range from 56 to 116 J kg⁻¹ depending on the glass bead size, and was several times smaller than that of the porous gypsum target, 446 J kg⁻¹ in low-velocity collisions. The impact strengths of the 100 μm bead target and the porous gypsum target strongly depended on the impact velocity: those obtained in high-velocity collisions were several times greater than those obtained in low-velocity collisions. The velocities of fragments ejected from two corners on the impact surface of the target, measured in the center of the mass system, were slightly dependent on the target materials, irrespective of impact velocity. These results suggest that chondrule-including planetesimals (CiPs) can reconstruct rubble-pile bodies in catastrophic disruptions at the size of the planetesimal smaller than that of planetesimals without chondrules.  相似文献